Bioethics euthanasia Essay Example

Bioethics euthanasia Essay Example Bioethics euthanasia Paper Bioethics euthanasia Paper Another concern that arises in permitting euthanasia is the incompatibility of the physicians fundamental moral and professional commitment to heal people and to protect their life (Pence, 1998, p. 56). Common euthanasia practice by physicians would also lead to distrust between patient and physician, because patients would have to fear that a treatment was intended to kill them not to cure. The control of high health care costs lead to a pressured budget, which could use euthanasia as an alternative option to sufficient treatment and care (Keown, 1996). However, surveys showed that many people from different societies all over the world would welcome the legalisation of active voluntary euthanasia. A survey in Australia showed that ca. three quarters of Australians would welcome voluntary euthanasia and that people from a church background had more supporters for euthanasia than opponents (South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society, 2004). There are as many reasons to legalise euthanasia as there are for keeping it prohibited. Mercy is one of the strongest arguments for euthanasia. A person should be allowed to be released from suffering and pain if there is no hope for cure but only death. Another good consequence of legalising euthanasia would be the possibility to respect personal autonomy and self-determination of patients that request euthanasia (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee, 1998). The right to die with dignity is a major argument for euthanasia. Many people are afraid of their last days, and this does not count for only terminally ill people but also for every other person. For example, people are frightened of becoming old and loosing their continence or not being able to feed themselves. These facts do not need to arise from a terminal illness; a healthy old person can loose those abilities as well. For some people, this would be a loss of dignity and they may choose to be euthanased (Pence, 1998). Other people may want their families to remember them as they were in the good days. As the reader discovered, there are many pros and contras related to euthanasia. Community viewpoints can differ greatly, depending on the beliefs of the community members. In Australia, major groups of opponents are Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. Their religious beliefs and concerns about discrimination and distrust in medical care play a key role in rejecting euthanasia (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee, 1998). Many disabled people are against the legalisation of euthanasia. This could have its roots in former Nazi Germany, where thousands of disabled people were involuntary euthanased because they were considered not worth living (Keown, 1996). However, the majority of a liberal community would welcome the legalisation of active voluntary euthanasia, because personal autonomy and self-determination are of great importance for these groups. In a community, where paternalism rules, people would do what they expected to do and what is good. Those communities are mainly strong religious or traditional groups (Charlesworth, 1993). The fact is that active voluntary euthanasia is illegal in Australia, though the Northern Territory legalised it under The Rights for the Terminally Ill Act 1995 and was the first jurisdiction worldwide. However, the Act was revoked by the federal parliament in march 1997. The only countries that legally provide euthanasia today are the Netherlands and Belgium (Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society, 2004). At the very beginning of this essay, the reader was introduced to passive voluntary euthanasia, another form of bringing about death, although it is different from the legal and ethical view. Passive voluntary euthanasia refers to withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, which leads to a hastened death of the patient at his or her request. The patient with a terminal illness is allowed to die. As discussed earlier, this form of euthanasia is seen by many people as morally tolerable. Australian Law tolerates passive voluntary euthanasia under certain circumstances (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee, 1998). A common-law right exists that enables all patients of legal capacity to refuse medical treatment and therefore gives the ability of requesting withholds or withdrawals of life-sustaining treatment that can hasten death. Certain criteria must be met to participate in such an act. The Northern Territories Natural Death Act 1988 is such a law, where terminally ill patients that meet the requirements of the act, can refuse treatment and therefore the prolongation of their life (Staunton and Chiarella, 2003). The patient that meets all the criteria has full personal autonomy and no one can interfere in his or her decision. Surveys all over the world showed that many people, including health professionals, think positively of euthanasia and they would like to see changes in the government legislature that legalise euthanasia (Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society, 2004). This result leads to an emerging ethical role of the nurse. More and more patients are aware of the meanings of euthanasia and that there are other ways to achieve death, such as double effect (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee, 1998). The nurse will be more and more involved in the decision-making and has to make moral decisions herself. A nurse needs to remember that, even if a patient is very sick and in severe pain without hope of cure, begging to die, there is nothing she can do, but reassure him or her and to give comfort. It is also important for a nurse to act as outlined in the four major ethical principles, which are autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. Non-maleficence emphasizes the principle of above all, do no harm. This has to be considered and remembered when terminally ill patients beg for mercy. Beneficence refers to above all, do good (Staunton and Chiarella, 2003). This principle can be controversial, especially in relation to a terminally ill patient. Nurses from a particular cultural background could experience great difficulties in allowing a patient to die and withholding treatment, because their beliefs are against death. Furthermore, personal relationships, thoughts and certain attitudes can play an important role in moral decision-making for the nurse. However, The Australian Nursing Councils Code of ethics includes the four ethical principles and a nurse should act in moral decision-making under this code (Staunton and Chiarella, 2003). Issues of euthanasia are very controversial and confusing. Hopefully the reader was able to penetrate the fog of confusion and gain some understanding of the issues accompanying euthanasia. The rights of the patients and autonomy in a liberal society have been outlined and need to be considered frequently, because of their enormous importance in professional health care. Pros and contras have also been discussed. However, every person is unique and has their own value of life; therefore, every person might think differently about the issues related to euthanasia. The ability to think differently is another form of autonomy that one can exercise in a liberal society like Australia. Bibliography: Charlsworth, M. (1993) Autonomy and the liberal ideal: Bioethics in a liberal society, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne Hawley, R. , King, J. Weller, B. F. (2003) Australian NursesDictionary, 3rd edn. Bailliere Tindall, Sydney Keown, J. (1996) Euthanasia Examined, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain Kerridge, I, Lowe, M McPhee, J. (1998) Euthanasia: Ethics and law for health professions, Social Science Press, Australia Pence, G. E. (1998) Classic works in medical ethics, McGraw Hill, Boston. British Medical Association (1993) Medical Ethics today: Its practice and philosophy, British Medical Association, Plymouth South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society (2004) saves. asn. au/ (Online, accessed 20. 05. 2004) Staunton P. Chiarella, M. (2003) Nursing and the Law, 5th edn. Churchill Livingston, Sydney The Hon. Prime Minister Mr John Howard (1997) Sir Robert Menzies Memorial lecture: Australia in the world, University of London http://home. vicnet. net. au/~victorp/liberals/nsw/Howard. html (Online, accessed 23. 05. 2004) Claudia Zschernack s127283 9/05/2007 NUR 111 Health and Health Professions Bioethics 1.

Free Essays on Traditional Literature Vs. Popular Culture

Traditional Literature vs. Popular Culture In the vision of an outsider looking into an average high school English lesson in today’s society what would they see? Many students from high school dread the required English classes in college. It is thought the reason for this is because the useless literature they were forced to read in high school, or because they were drilled with TAAS trivia rather than reading the needed literature for mental growth. This is why students pick popular horror and romance novels over well written literature. The classic stories so many authors have been recognized for are by far not useless works of art. Authors such as William Shakespeare, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Mark Twain should not be disregarded, but rather encouraged upon students. Granted, Shakespeare may not have much to do with someone’s future, but if a student does not open him or herself up to new reading material, they may never know if they will actually enjoy reading them and want to become an English teacher or professor. How often does a student hear a teacher ramble on about how great Herman Melville could depict such minuscule details of the mindless sea? These authors are models to be looked up to, not to be put down like yesterdays newspaper. Popular culture only pleases the masses by following the trend of society, it has no true basis. Most popular fiction writers come and go with the times and have no vast success. Typically, writers of this genre stick to an outlined plot, only changing the characters names. This plot is usually centered on a murder, money, and a woman. .John D. McDonald has written is an example of one of these writers. Although most popular fiction writers don’t posses the talent to produce a second book; there are writers out there who have mastered the talent of popular fiction, such as Stephen King, George Lucas, and H.G. Wells, others only hope to grasp the reigns of their fifteen ... Free Essays on Traditional Literature Vs. Popular Culture Free Essays on Traditional Literature Vs. Popular Culture Traditional Literature vs. Popular Culture In the vision of an outsider looking into an average high school English lesson in today’s society what would they see? Many students from high school dread the required English classes in college. It is thought the reason for this is because the useless literature they were forced to read in high school, or because they were drilled with TAAS trivia rather than reading the needed literature for mental growth. This is why students pick popular horror and romance novels over well written literature. The classic stories so many authors have been recognized for are by far not useless works of art. Authors such as William Shakespeare, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Mark Twain should not be disregarded, but rather encouraged upon students. Granted, Shakespeare may not have much to do with someone’s future, but if a student does not open him or herself up to new reading material, they may never know if they will actually enjoy reading them and want to become an English teacher or professor. How often does a student hear a teacher ramble on about how great Herman Melville could depict such minuscule details of the mindless sea? These authors are models to be looked up to, not to be put down like yesterdays newspaper. Popular culture only pleases the masses by following the trend of society, it has no true basis. Most popular fiction writers come and go with the times and have no vast success. Typically, writers of this genre stick to an outlined plot, only changing the characters names. This plot is usually centered on a murder, money, and a woman. .John D. McDonald has written is an example of one of these writers. Although most popular fiction writers don’t posses the talent to produce a second book; there are writers out there who have mastered the talent of popular fiction, such as Stephen King, George Lucas, and H.G. Wells, others only hope to grasp the reigns of their fifteen ...

Manage your boss’s emails and phone calls like a pro

Manage your boss’s emails and phone calls like a pro As an assistant, you will often be asked to manage your boss’s correspondence, including emails. This can often be a tricky task, particularly because its hard to know the correct tone to strike. Should you write in your voice? In his or hers? What if your boss just leaves it up to you?Representing someone else is a huge responsibility, but one you can weather with dignity and poise. Here are a few things to keep in mind to make sure you don’t lose the privilege or fumble the ball.Keep it confidential.It should go without saying that whatever you read in your boss’s email isn’t meant to be repeated- to anyone. Don’t discuss personal items you might come across with anyone, least of all your boss (unless he brings something up). And don’t blab about professional developments within your company to your colleagues either- not even to warn them of impending changes.When in doubt, ask.Don’t just accept the email task as yours, silently and resolutely. Ask questions. What is it she wants you to accomplish? Are you authorized to unsubscribe her from unnecessary mailing lists? Are you monitoring so she doesn’t have to weed through everything, or are you actually in charge of triaging, organizing, and (eep) responding. And, if so, how would she like you to do that- as yourself (Sincerely, Your Name, Personal Assistant to Her Name) or as your boss? The more you know going in and the more you two are on the same page, the fewer misunderstandings will crop up.Read them, and take notes.Even if some of this stuff might be over your head, the more you know, the more you can help. Make sure to read carefully and have a sense at any given time of who’s asking for what and which things need to happen first. Make sure to note impending deadlines, appointments, timely actions, etc., and flag them immediately. Make note of these in your own calendar, as well as in your boss’s. That way you can send reminders.Sta y professional.When discussing the content of these emails with your boss or when responding to them yourself, make sure to act the part. Be every bit as professional and polished as your boss is. Remember, you are acting on his behalf.Come up with a system.If you’re given the leeway, try to come up with a system that will work for both of you. For example, you can file everything non-essential into folders like Junk, Personal, and News. Then everything else is work stuff and you can both focus on that. Come up with a flagging system- using different colors or labels- so you can communicate to each other what needs to be done first. Keep it sensible and simple.Check twice.Make sure to bookend your workday by checking emails first thing and then going through for anything urgent at the end of the day. Making sure you do a thorough check in the morning and the evening means that whatever system you came up with for organizing will keep functioning smoothly, rather than falling apart overnight.Stay cool.Don’t bother your boss with a question every time you aren’t sure what to do with a given email- even at the beginning. Try instead to keep a running list of questions you want to ask and save them for the end of the day. In a few days, you’ll find you have far fewer questions.Don’t forget to do your own work.Don’t let your boss’s emails swallow your whole work day, eclipse your projects, or make you neglect your own inbox. Develop a system that works for you so that you can balance both of your correspondences. This will make the arrangement more stable and sustainable for both of you.

Politics Aquinas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics Aquinas - Essay Example However, despite influences on Aquinas from the political climate of that time, we can perhaps find out the essence of his view on the mentioned problem that still would be relevant for our todays situation. Thomas Aquinas lived at a pivotal period for the Western philosophy when the return of the Aristotelianism combined with scholasticism to reignite debates about the correlation between reason and faith. Aquinas became fully acquainted with this school of philosophy after he joined the Dominican Order and for several years studied with Albertus Magnus (1193-1280), a scholastic philosopher who worked on restating of the Aristotelian heritage. This acquaintance of Aquinas is considered to be the most significant influence on his world view, which turned him into an erudite scholar devoted to the Aristotelian method (McInerny, 1992, p. 16). In general, Scholastics of that time promoted empiricism and voiced support for policies and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. They stood in opposition to Christian mysticism as well as to concepts of dualism of mind and of the evil nature of the world promoted earlier by Plato and St. Augustine (McGrade, 2003, pp. 33-34). What interests us in relation to the problem that we have raised is Aquinas' theory of natural law. To better understand this theory, it must be pointed out that Aquinas views philosophy as a general term which relates to a set of sciences. To diverse philosophical fields Aquinas ascribes the following due order for their study: logic, mathematics, natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and metaphysics, which is the apex of philosophical study. Aquinas' theory of natural law concerns moral philosophy, for which the notion of the human good is central. Aquinas sees a difference between acts of a man and human acts, as the former acts can be also seen in non-human agents, while human acts stem from knowledge and will and always aim at a known good. But Aquinas points out that as a certain good is not the same as the goodness itself, then what holds together all the human actions is what he terms as the overarching goodness which is the ultimate end. Therefore, any human action is direct ed towards the ultimate end (Lisska, 1998, pp. 132-133). Now that we have uncovered the basic ground of the morality for Aquinas, we can better understand his views towards what he called the natural law. In fact, what forms the essence of the natural law moral theory is the view that morality stems from the nature of the world and of the human beings. For Aquinas, main morality-generating principle of human nature is its rationality, for instance manifested in human pursuit of a certain good, which underlies any moral law. Therefore, as humans are born rational, it is morally right to behave in correspondence with our rational nature. In this way Aquinas connects moral laws with the human nature and this connection forms the basis of the "natural law", that

The Movie Rental Industry of the Future Assignment - 10

The Movie Rental Industry of the Future - Assignment Example It is highly likely that customers will pay per minute for streaming. As a result, it should invest in its streaming services and an online platform (Chapter 3 55). However, it should consider developing features that allow users to view the movies offline. For example, there can be an option for users to download content from the site. Furthermore, industries are being disrupted at an overwhelming pace. As a result, they cannot afford to stick to the present strategy. Instead, it should develop a strategy that is responsive to changes in the market. Â  In order for Netflix to achieve more growth and prosperity in the movie rental industry, it needs to change tack on some things. In addition, it also needs to adopt some new strategies so as to prepare itself for the movie rental industry of the future. Firstly, the organization needs to stop relying on established entertainment houses for content. It should focus on creating its own original content. Although the initial cost of investment will be high, the long-term rewards will be phenomenal. In addition, it will enable it to reduce its operating costs by eliminating the licensing fees paid (Chapter 3 151) Â  Secondly, the organization needs to expand into China, Nigeria, India, and South Africa. The four countries have an established entertainment industry that would be glad to partner with an organization that gives them a platform to reach more consumers. Thirdly, the organization needs to come up with an appropriate pricing plan that enables them to make a profit on their investment but also makes it possible for the price-conscious consumer to buy their service. In addition, it needs to establish different packages for consumers. Â  

Korean American Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Korean American Media - Essay Example That was the reaction that went viral when word spread about the making of K-Town in Los Angeles’ Korea town. Even the Korean American greybeards were afraid that this show would make them look bad.K Town’s executive producer, Mike Le, was amazed at how fast the rumor went before they produced anything. This excitement and media coverage illustrate the thrill felt by the world feels, as if they were not expecting such a show to be released. This gave the production crew the much-needed morale to provide quality production, as they enjoyed media coverage before the show’s release. Magazines like the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and New York Post. Even SNL and Chelsea Lately covered the story of KTown’s release (Yang, 2012). Soon, Hollywood also got wind of this upcoming reality show, and two prestigious networks were battling over airing of the show. However, things did not work out from there on. This was until LOUD’s newly launched YouTube ch annel aired no holds barred online edition of KTown. The show was described as buzz worthy and high impact. From the cast and character development in K Town, it is evident that its production is aimed at challenging some of the existing stereotypes of Korean Americans. ... This leads to a series of vengeance, betrayal, and romance. This depiction contradicts the model minority stereotype. This is according to an article by Yang Jeff, ‘Tough Times for Tiger Mom as Asian America Meets Jersey Shore’ that was posted in Speakeasy on July 17, 2012.K Town portrays Korean Americans as partygoers, with theimmense preference to the nightlife of Korea town. In this show, both men and women party together and the men are portrayed asflirtatious and fighters.This is contrary to the known stereotype that Korean Americans are conservatives and with good morals. They do not publically display affection like kissing, and they are faithful, sticking to one partner. Furthermore, Korean American women have always been assumedconservative as opposed to outgoing. Their women do not indulge in public drinking, let alone with men. However, K Town’s Scarlet and Jowe both go out, and get seriously drunk after which Jowe starts flirting with other girls. Anot her stereotype is that Koreans mind about their perception and image they portray to the world. Because of this, the show was met by some criticism since the Korean community was afraid of negative depiction of their culture to the world (Wang, 2012). And indeed, the show portrayed the side of Korea’ nightlife that they are not comfortable with exposing to the world. As such, K Town was described as an Asian version of America’s Jersey show. It should be noted that these criticisms do not imply that such occurrences do not happen in Korea. Far from it, they do happen but most Korean K Town critics object because of public exposure. This is according to another article titled ‘The Altered Reality of K

Assess the Current Status of Primary Healthcare in the Socialist Essay

Assess the Current Status of Primary Healthcare in the Socialist Marketplace - Essay Example (IBM, 2006) But healthcare for the population at large has lagged behind other markers of success. During the first few decades of the current Chinese regime the resources of the local principality had much to do with access to resources. In rural areas, regional organization at the local level attempted to meet the medical needs of those in the district. In urban areas, the work unit was the most important unit of local governance in terms of health-care access. THE RURAL SYSTEM With the end of the pure socialism of communal living, and the financial erosion of the work-unit system in urban areas, it is more standard for individual inequalities to be the determining factor for healthcare access.(Duckett, 2007) Low-income individuals without health-insurance may be able to cover a few minor medical incidents, but income inequities are likely to bring on financial insolvency, even when patients are able to pay. Where these financial inequities persist in a market with little viable in surance; the legitimate need for healthcare then becomes one more cause of poverty. (Mackintosh 2001: 175). Though efforts are underway to re-establish a cooperative system of health financing. By the late 1970s, The medical system in China was wedded to the over-arching government bureaucracy. Health services were just one more facet of the apparatus of administration and social control in a command economy. A World Bank study has observed that by 1975 ‘almost all the urban population and 85 per cent of the rural’ had a form of insurance that was at least able to provide the most basic of medical services, as well as cost-effective preventives, and sometimes curative treatments. This also entailed financial risks that to some extent, the population shared, in addition to the benefits in life expectancy. (World Bank 1997: 2), (World Bank 1992). In Rural regions the 1960's and 70's saw many of these benefits in the form of vaccines and contraceptives; under the auspices of local control based upon the older system of rural communities funding the majority of their own health services. (Huang 1988; Kan 1990:42). Under the older system, rural areas typically had a three-tiered system of regional organization was responsible for the administration of health-services. There were hospitals at the county level, Health centers for communes that could provide referral services and the supervision of preventative treatments; and the communes. Individual village/communes had health stations staffed by rural practitioners sometimes known as ‘barefoot doctors’ (Bloom & Gu 1997). These local-level commune health centers would report to the district commune-management communist party committee. The next step above them in medical matters was the county-level general hospital, for a higher level of technological support and supervision. But all of these institutions were under the auspices of a county health bureau, for the purpose of administration, rather than actual treatment. The intent was to bring new dimensions of health-care to rural areas previously bereft of them in years before. Attempts where made in the late 60's and 70's, what might be termed the late Mao era, to introduce an apparatus of collective funding, similar to health insurance programs to better assist the rural health-system for most villages. And for